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+// This exercise is an altered version of the `errors4` exercise. It uses some
+// concepts that we won't get to until later in the course, like `Box` and the
+// `From` trait. It's not important to understand them in detail right now, but
+// you can read ahead if you like. For now, think of the `Box<dyn ???>` type as
+// an "I want anything that does ???" type.
+//
+// In short, this particular use case for boxes is for when you want to own a
+// value and you care only that it is a type which implements a particular
+// trait. To do so, The `Box` is declared as of type `Box<dyn Trait>` where
+// `Trait` is the trait the compiler looks for on any value used in that
+// context. For this exercise, that context is the potential errors which
+// can be returned in a `Result`.
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum CreationError {
+ Negative,
+ Zero,
+}
+
+// This is required so that `CreationError` can implement `Error`.
+impl fmt::Display for CreationError {
+ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+ let description = match *self {
+ CreationError::Negative => "number is negative",
+ CreationError::Zero => "number is zero",
+ };
+ f.write_str(description)
+ }
+}
+
+impl Error for CreationError {}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);
+
+impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {
+ fn new(value: i64) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, CreationError> {
+ match value {
+ x if x < 0 => Err(CreationError::Negative),
+ 0 => Err(CreationError::Zero),
+ x => Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(x as u64)),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+ let pretend_user_input = "42";
+ let x: i64 = pretend_user_input.parse()?;
+ println!("output={:?}", PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(x)?);
+ Ok(())
+}